Referanser
Referanser
1). Kosttilskudd
2). Medisiner
3). Livsstil
4). Adjuvant behandling ved kirurgi og kjemoterapi
5). Adjuvant behandling ved strålebehandling
6). Krefttyper
7). Kontekst
1). Kosttilskudd
Agaricus blazei Murill
Effects of the Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on Immunity, Infection and Cancer
Scandinavian Journal of ImmunologyVolume 68, Issue 4, Article first published online: 5 SEP 2008
In this article, we review current knowledge as to the immunological properties of AbM, and its possible clinical use in connection with infections and cancer. We also present some novel findings, which point to highly different biological potency between AbM extracts of different source and manufacturing.
Avemar
Fermented wheat germ extract in the supportive therapy of colorectal cancer
Orv Hetil. 2005 Sep 11;146(37):1925-31.
Survival analysis showed significant improvements in the fermented wheat germ extract group, regarding progression-free (p = 0.0184) and overall survival probabilities (p = 0.0278). Strong predictors of survival determined by Cox's proportional hazards were UICC stage and fermented wheat germ extract treatment. Mild gastrointestinal side effects were observed in 9 cases. Supportive application of fermented wheat germ extract in colorectal cancer is highly recommended.
Ban Zhi Lian (Scutellaria Barbata)
Phase I trial and antitumor effects of BZL101 for patients with advanced breast cancer.
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2007 Sep;105(1):17-28. Epub 2006 Nov 17.
Sixteen patients were evaluable for response. Four patients had stable disease (SD) for >90 days (25%) and 3/16 had SD for >180 days (19%). Five patients had objective tumor regression, one of which was 1 mm short of a PR based on RECIST criteria.
Calcium d-gluconate
Detoxifying cancer causing agents to prevent cancer.
Integr Cancer Ther. 2003 Jun;2(2):139-44.
There is now growing evidence for the possible control of different stages of the cancer induction by inhibiting beta-glucuronidase with D-glucaric acid derivatives, especially with its salts (D-glucarates). D-Glucaric acid has been found in many vegetables and fruits. Therefore, the consumption of fruits and vegetables naturally rich in D-glucaric acid or self-medication with D-glucaric acid derivatives such as calcium D-glucarate offers a promising cancer prevention approach.
[The biological role of D-glucaric acid and its derivatives: potential use in medicine].
Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online). 2008 Sep 5;62:451-62.
D-glucaro-l,4-lactone and its precursors exert their anticancer action in part through alterations in steroidogenesis accompanied by changes in the hormonal environment and proliferative status of the target organs. D-glucarates not only suppress cell proliferation and inflammation, but also induce apoptosis. By supplementing D-glucarates, one can favor the body's natural defense mechanism for eliminating carcinogens and tumor promoters and their effects.
Curcumin
Efficacy and mechanism of action of turmeric supplements in the treatment of experimental arthritis.
Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Nov;54(11):3452-64.
A turmeric fraction depleted of essential oils profoundly inhibited joint inflammation and periarticular joint destruction in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo treatment prevented local activation of NF-kappaB and the subsequent expression of NF-kappaB-regulated genes mediating joint inflammation and destruction, including chemokines, cyclooxygenase 2, and RANKL. Consistent with these findings, inflammatory cell influx, joint levels of prostaglandin E(2), and periarticular osteoclast formation were inhibited by turmeric extract treatment.
Phase II trial of curcumin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Clin Cancer Res. 2008 Jul 15;14(14):4491-9.
Twenty-five patients were enrolled, with 21 evaluable for response. Circulating curcumin was detectable as drug in glucuronide and sulfate conjugate forms, albeit at low steady-state levels, suggesting poor oral bioavailability. Two patients showed clinical biological activity. One had ongoing stable disease for >18 months; interestingly, one additional patient had a brief, but marked, tumor regression (73%) accompanied by significant increases (4- to 35-fold) in serum cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonists).
http://www.naturalmedicinejournal.com/pdf/NMJ_DEC09_RI.pdf
We have cancer patients at M.D. Anderson who are just on curcumin. They don’t have to be given chemotherapy or radiation, just curcumin alone, and we are witnessing significant results. There are more than 1,000 patients on curcumin right now at M.D. Anderson. Absorption of curcumin is not as big of an issue as people may think.
Blood 2007;110:1177a.
This is the first report to indicate that curcumin, a highly safe agent, is bioavailable and can downregulate NF.kb, STAT3 and COX2 in MM pts. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic role for curcumin that can be further investigated either alone or as a modulator of chemoresistance in combination with other active agents.
Clin Cancer Res. 2009 Feb 15;15(4):1250-8.
Importantly, curcumin treatment was able to overcome protection of CLL B cells by marrow stroma onin vitro testing and to synergize with EGCG when the agents were administered in a sequential fashion. Additional evaluation of curcumin as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of CLL seems warranted.
DIM
Oral diindolylmethane (DIM): pilot evaluation of a nonsurgical treatment for cervical dysplasia
Gynecol Oncol. 2010 Mar;116(3):464-7. Epub 2009 Nov 24.
Oral DIM at 2 mg/kg/day is well tolerated with no significant toxicity. We observed a high rate of clinically significant improvement in confirmed CIN 2 or 3 lesions among both treatment groups in this randomized clinical trial.
EGCG
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2006 Jul;9(4):346-57.
Fatty acid synthase-catalyzed endogenous fatty acid metabolism appears to be an obligatory acquisition selecting a biologically aggressive sub-group of cancer cells capable of growth and survival upon stresses such as hypoxia, low pH and/or nutritional deprivation. Considering that an ever-growing body of evidence demonstrates that fatty acid synthase-driven signalling actively regulates key cancer-controlling networks, we may hereafter redefine fatty acid synthase as a metabolic oncogene in human cancer cells.
Clinical effects of oral green tea extracts in four patients with low grade B-cell malignancies.
Leuk Res. 2006 Jun;30(6):707-12. Epub 2005 Dec 1.
Several patients presented here had documented steady clinical, laboratory, and/or radiographic evidence of progression immediately prior to initiation of over-the-counter green tea products and then developed objective responses shortly after self-initiating this therapy. Such anecdotes highlight the need for clinical trials of tea polyphenols to define the optimal dosing, schedule, toxicities, and clinical efficacy before widespread use can be recommended. An NCI sponsored phase I/II trial of de-caffeinated green tea extracts for patients with asymptomatic, early stage CLL opened at Mayo Clinic in August 2005.
Cancer Res. 2006 Jan 15;66(2):1234-40.
Daily treatment consisted of three GTCs capsules, 200 mg each (total 600 mg/d). After 1 year, only one tumor was diagnosed among the 30 GTCs-treated men (incidence, approximately 3%), whereas nine cancers were found among the 30 placebo-treated men (incidence, 30%). Total prostate-specific antigen did not change significantly between the two arms, but GTCs-treated men showed values constantly lower with respect to placebo-treated ones. International Prostate Symptom Score and quality of life scores of GTCs-treated men with coexistent benign prostate hyperplasia improved, reaching statistical significance in the case of International Prostate Symptom Scores. No significant side effects or adverse effects were documented.
Fermentert soya
Factors to consider in the association between soy isoflavone intake and breast cancer risk.
J Epidemiol. 2010;20(2):83-9. Epub 2010 Feb 20.
A recent meta-analysis showed that soy intake was inversely associated with breast cancer risk in Asian but not Western populations, which indicates that protection against breast cancer may require that women consume levels of soy typical in Asian diets. In addition to the amount of soy isoflavones consumed, the form and food source of isoflavones, timing of isoflavone exposure, estrogen receptor status of tumors, and equol-producer status and hormonal profile of individuals may modify the association between soy isoflavone intake and the risk of breast cancer.
Journal of Clinical Oncology, Vol 26, No 10 (April 1), 2008: pp. 1677-1683
Allowing for these methodological issues, we found an inverse association between plasma genistein and the risk of breast cancer in a nested case-control study in Japan. This finding suggests a risk-reducing rather than a risk-enhancing effect of isoflavones on breast cancer, even at relatively high concentrations within the range achievable from dietary intake alone
MEK4 function, genistein treatment, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Aug 19;101(16):1141-55. Epub 2009 Jul 28.
We identified MEK4 as a proinvasion protein in six human prostate cancer cell lines and the target for genistein. We showed, to our knowledge for the first time, that genistein treatment, compared with no treatment, was associated with decreased levels of MMP-2 transcripts in normal prostate cells from prostate cancer-containing tissue.
Eur Urol. 2005 Dec;48(6):922-30; discussion 930-1. Epub 2005 Oct 17.
The soy-based dietary supplement utilised in this study was shown to delay PSA progression after potentially curative treatment in a significant fashion. More extensive studies of the supplement may be indicated.
Medisinske sopper
Effects of the Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on Immunity, Infection and Cancer
Scandinavian Journal of Immunology Volume 68, Issue 4, pages 363–370, October 2008
Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) is an edible, medicinal mushroom of Brazilian origin. It is used traditionally against a range of diseases, including cancer and chronic hepatitis, and has been cultivated commercially for the health food market. AbM has recently been shown to have strong immunomodulating properties, which has led to increasing scientific interest. In this article, we review current knowledge as to the immunological properties of AbM, and its possible clinical use in connection with infections and cancer. We also present some novel findings, which point to highly different biological potency between AbM extracts of different source and manufacturing.
Br J Cancer. 2004 Sep 13;91(6):1220-1; author reply 1221-3.
Adverse effects were mild and compliance was good. Oral PSK with UFT reduced recurrence in stage II and III colorectal cancer, and increased survival in stage III.
Dis Colon Rectum. 1992 Feb;35(2):123-30.
The disease-free survival curve and the survival curve of the PSK group were better than those of the control group, and differences between the two groups were statistically significant (disease-free survival, P = 0.013; survival, P = 0.013). These results indicate that adjuvant immunochemotherapy with PSK was beneficial for curatively resected colorectal cancer.
Poster 8.16-Submitted to the 10th International Congress of Mucosal Immunology, June 27-July 1, 1999. Amsterdam, the Netherlands
The results of this open label study indicate that non-fractionalized Coriolus versicolor supplementation could be an effective nutrition adjuvant for HIV + patients with Kaposi’s Sarcoma. Further research is required to explore this curiosity in greater detail
Melatonin
Oncology. 1992;49(5):336-9.
The study includes 63 consecutive metastatic NSC lung cancer patients, who were randomized to receive MLT (n = 31) or supportive care alone (n = 32). The percentage of both stabilizations of disease and survival at 1 year was significantly higher in patients treated with MLT than in those treated only with supportive care. No drug-related toxicity was seen in patients treated with MLT, who, on the contrary, showed a significant improvement in performance status. This randomized study shows that the pineal hormone MLT may be successfully administered to prolong the survival time in metastatic NSC lung cancer patients who progressed under a first-line chemotherapy with cisplatin, for whom no other effective therapy is available up to now.
MSM
PLoS One. 2010 Aug 4;5(8):e11788.
Surprisingly, we found that malignant melanoma cells exposed to methyl sulfone demonstrated the loss of phenotypes characteristic of malignant cells, and the reemergence of phenotypes characteristic of healthy melanocytes. Briefly, over time methyl sulfone induced contact inhibition, loss of ability to migrate through an extracellular matrix, loss of anchorage-independent growth, proper wound healing followed by contact inhibition, irreversible senescence followed by arborization with melanosomes in arbors as seen in normal melanocytes.
Oleander
United States Patent: Extracts of nerium species, methods of preparation, and use therefore
Abstract: The present invention is directed to extracts of the genus Nerium useful in ameliorating cell-prolferative disease, methods of preparing these extracts, and methods of using these extracts.
Cardiac Glycosides as Novel Cancer Therapeutic Agents
doi: 10.1124/mi.8.1.8MI February 2008 vol. 8no. 1 36-49
New findings within the past five years have revealed these compounds to be involved in complex cell-signal transduction mechanisms, resulting in selective control of human tumor but not normal cellular proliferation. As such, they represent a promising form of targeted cancer chemotherapy. New clinical studies of their anticancer potential as single or adjuvant treatments may provide insight into these potentially valuable therapeutic options. This review focuses on recent findings on cellular pharmacology of cardiac glycosides as they relate to treatment of human cancer and attempts to explain why these agents have been overlooked in the past.
Omega 3
J Urol. 2010 January; 183(1): 345–350.
In this prospective, randomized dietary intervention trial a low fat diet resulted in changes in serum fatty acid levels that were associated with decreased human LNCaP cancer cell growth.
Cancer Prev Res December 2011 4; 2062
In summary, four to six weeks of a low-fat diet and fish oil capsules to achieve an omega-6:omega-3 fatty acid ratio of 2:1 had no effect on serum IGF-1 levels, though in secondary analyses, the intervention resulted in decreased prostate cancer proliferation and decreased prostate tissue omega-6:omega-3 ratios.
Quercetin
Quercetin, an inhibitor of lactate transport and a hyperthermic sensitizer of HeLa cells.
Cancer Res. 1984 Jan;44(1):102-6.
Selenium
Cytotoxic mechanisms of selenium in cancer
Taken together, the results suggest that selenite is a potent anticancer drug with an elevated specificity toward the drug resistant phenotype and that selenite should further be investigated through clinical trials.
Vitamin D
J Clin Oncol 26: 2008 (May 20 suppl; abstr 511
Vit D deficiency is common at BC diagnosis and is associated with poor prognosis. This research was funded by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.
J Clin Oncol 2007 Feb 20; 25(6):669-74.
While this exciting industry-sponsored study was primarily designed to evaluate if adding calcitriol to docetaxel would result in a favorable PSA response, it surprisingly showed that the calcitriol/docetaxel combination was associated with a mortality risk reduction of approximately 33%
Association between serum 25(OH)D and death from prostate cancer.
Br J Cancer. 2009 Feb 10;100(3):450-4. Epub 2009 Jan 20.
The median time of follow-up was 44.0 months (range, 1.2-154.6). Serum 25(OH)D at medium or high levels were significantly related to better prognosis (RR 0.33; 95% CI 0.14-0.77, RR 0.16; 95% CI 0.05-0.43) compared with the low level. Analysis restricted to patients receiving hormone therapy gave a stronger association. The serum level of 25(OH)D may be involved in disease progression and is a potential marker of prognosis in patients with prostate cancer.
BJU Int. 2009 Nov;104(9):1204-7. Epub 2009 Apr 24.
Of the 26 patients, five (20%) responded to vitamin D; the mean (range) reduction in PSA level was 45.3 (15.9–95.1)%, and mean duration of response was 4–5 months. Patients in whom the PSA level was stabilized, but not reduced, after vitamin D treatment had a duration of response of up to 36 months. Treatment was well tolerated and was not associated with elevation of serum calcium levels
Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels and survival in patients with colorectal cancer.
J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 20;26(18):2937-9.
Among patients with colorectal cancer, higher prediagnosis plasma 25(OH)D levels were associated with a significant improvement in overall survival. Further study of the vitamin D pathway and its influence on colorectal carcinogenesis and cancer progression is warranted.
Vitamin E
Tocotrienol as a potential anticancer agent.
Carcinogenesis. 2011 Dec 16. [Epub ahead of print]
With most of the previous clinical studies on TP producing disappointing results, research has now focused on testing T3 as the next generation vitamin E for chemoprevention and cancer treatment. This review will summarize recent developments in the understanding of the anticancer effects of T3. We will also discuss current progress in clinical trials involving T3 as an adjuvant to conventional cancer therapy.
2). Medisiner
Cimetidine
Synergistic antitumor activity of interleukin-2 and cimetidine against syngeneic murine tumor.
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1991;33(1):9-14.
Phenotyping performed on the murine splenocytes on day 18 indicated a significant reduction in Lyt2-positive cells in the cimetidine-treated group in comparison with the PBS group. A significant increase in asialo GM1-positive cells and IL-2-receptor-positive cells was detected in the group treated with IL-2 plus cimetidine in comparison with the PBS and IL-2 control groups. Therefore, this study indicates a synergistic enhancement of IL-2-induced NK and LAK cell activities in tumor-bearing hosts by cimetidine, a noncytotoxic inhibitor of suppressor T function, and a significantly prolonged survival of tumor-bearing animals treated by IL-2 plus cimetidine. It also suggests the clinical potential of combination therapy of IL-2 with cimetidine.
Hepatogastroenterology. 2003 Mar-Apr;50(50):460-2.
METHODOLOGY: Thirty-four patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis who underwent transcatheter arterial embolization at our hospital were studied prospectively after giving informed consent. The patients were divided into three groups. In group A, 14 patients were administered 800 mg of cimetidine a day. In group-B, 13 patients were administered 40 mg of famotidine or 300 mg of nizatidine a day. In group-C 7 patients did not receive histamine 2 receptor antagonists. Natural killer cell activity in peripheral blood was measured before transcatheter arterial embolization and on days 1 and 7.
RESULTS: The % natural killer cell activity on day 1 was 74 in group A, 52 in group B, and 52 in group. The % activity on day 7 was 98 in group A, 71 in group B, and 82 in group C. Cimetidine group showed the significant higher % natural killer cell activity on day 1 (p = 0.032).
CONCLUSIONS: Our study raises the possibility that cimetidine has the effect to preserve cell-mediated immune response during transcatheter arterial embolization.
Cimetidine preserves non-specific immune function after colonic resection for cancer.
Aust N Z J Surg. 1994 Dec;64(12):847-52.
Fifty consecutive patients undergoing resection of colorectal cancer were randomized to either receive cimetidine at a dose of 400 mg bd for a minimum of 5 pre-operative days, then intravenously for 2 postoperative days, or to act as controls. Baseline immune function was determined in all patients by in vitro testing of lymphocyte proliferation (LP) in response to mitogen, skin testing for cell mediated immunity (CMI) and measurement of lymphocyte subsets. Immune function was retested in both groups on the second postoperative day. In control patients the mean postoperative LP value was 41% of pre-operative levels (P < 0.0001) and the mean CMI reduced to 29% (P < 0.0001). Patients treated with cimetidine had no significant fall in these parameters. Numbers of T and natural killer (NK) cells fell after surgery in both groups, and B cell numbers were maintained in the cimetidine group. It is concluded that cimetidine reduces the immunosuppression that follows colonic resection.
Chemotherapy Combined with Cimetidine for Recurring and Progressive Gastric Cancer
Meeting abstract 1999 ASCO Annual Meeting
Purpose: Sixteen patients with progressive gastric cancer complicated by remote metastasis who did not undergo surgery, and 9 patients with recurring gastric cancer after operation, a total of 25 patients, undergo chemotherapy combined with cimetidine. Method: At least 1 week before the chemotherapy, 800 mg cimetidine was administered orally or intravenously in 24 hours. Cimetidine was continuously administered during and after chemotherapy. 5-FU and CDDP were used as anti-tumor agents. One therapeutic course comprised continuous administration 375 mg/m[Superscript 2] of 5-FU over 24 hours from day 1 through day 10 and 30 mg/body of CDDP over 24 hours from day 1 through day 3, followed by 11 days resting period. Each patient received 3 courses. Results: In all patients, including the patient with the recurrent cancer, CR of metastatic lesion were found in 5 cases and PR in 16 cases. Good effects were observed in all the cases. Regarding the primary lesions, CR were found in 4 cases, PR in 8 cases and SD in 2 cases PD in 2 cases. The efficacy rate in all the cases was 84% (21/25). In 4 of the 16 patients who underwent relative curative resection after chemotherapy. Major side effects were grade 1 stomatitis and nausea. Neither nephrotoxicity nor myelosuppression was observed. Conclusions: Although the number of cases were small, we observed a good efficiency of 84%. Moreover, doses of 5-FU and CDDP in our cases were smaller than those cited in other reports. These results were apparently due to the concomitant administration of cimetidine. Although immunopotentiation effects of cimetidine were reported, this drug may also have other additional effects. Basic studies are in progress.
Int J Cancer. 1983 Dec 15;32(6):657-65.
With the aim of potentiating the anti-tumour effect of interferon in metastatic malignant melanoma by concomitant inhibition of suppressor T cells, oral cimetidine (histamine-2 receptor antagonist) medication was added to interferon (HuIFN-alpha(Le] therapy in a series of 20 patients. While no objective tumour responses were recorded with interferon treatment alone administered intramuscularly or intratumorally, six patients had objective tumour regressions on subsequent combined therapy. Five out of eight patients with metastases confined to skin and subcutaneous tissue had complete tumour regressions while one patient with skin and lung metastases achieved an extensive partial regression of the skin tumour and a complete roentgenological regression of the lung metastasis. Three additional patients attained a stable disease status for prolonged periods of time. Histopathological examinations confirmed disappearance and/or degeneration of melanoma cells and demonstrated a marked lymphocyte infiltration in tumour sites of the patients with objective tumour regression.
[Effect of cimetidine with chemotherapy on stage IV colorectal cancer].
Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2003 Oct;30(11):1794-7.
We herein report the result of a prospective study to investigate the efficacy of cimetidine administration in conjunction with chemotherapy for stage IV colorectal cancer. Sixty-two patients treated with Leucovorin/5-fluorouracil therapy were enrolled from 1996 to 2000. Both groups were well matched for pre-treatment characteristics. There was no difference in survival in cur B patients. However, the cimetidine group had significantly prolonged survival in the patients with cur C or non-resectable carcinoma. This study suggests that cimetidine treatment may improve the survival of patients with non-curative surgery for stage IV colorectal cancer.
Br J Cancer. 2002 Jan 21;86(2):159-60.
For example, the 10-year cumulative survival rate of the cimetidine group with higher CSLEX staining, recognizing sL(x), of tumours was 95.5%, whereas that of control group was 35.1% (P=0.0001). In contrast, in the group of patients with no or low levels CSLEX staining, cimetidine did not show significant beneficial effect (the 10-year survival rate of the cimetidine group was 70.0% and that of control group was 85.7% (P=n.s.)). These results clearly indicate that cimetidine treatment dramatically improved survival in colorectal cancer patients with tumour cells expressing high levels of sL(x) and sL(a).
Cancer Res. 2000 Jul 15;60(14):3978-84.
These observations support the idea that cancer metastasis can be blocked by cimetidine administration through blocking the adhesion of tumor cells to the endothelium when an interaction between E-selectin and sialyl-Lewis antigens plays a role.
Digitalis
Is digitalis a therapy for breast carcinoma?
Oncol Rep. 1999 May-Jun;6(3):493-6.
These observations were statistically significant although the statistical analysis was hampered in the life-table analysis by the fact that only 2/32 patients on digitalis died from breast cancer. Serious consideration should be given to the effects of digitalis derivatives on cancer cells in cancer drug design. This field of research is not sufficiently explored and holds promise to contain drugs superior to present-day adjuvant therapy both with respect to effects and side-effects.
Dipyridamole
DIPYRIDAMOLE FOR TREATMENT OF MELANOMA
The Lancet, Volume 325, Issue 8430, Page 693, 23 March 1985
These doctors for the past 11 years had been maintaining melanoma patients with Clark's level IV and III disease on dipyridamole, 300 mg a day. Thirty of these patients were maintained on this dose of dipyridamole. Of them, 26 had level IV disease and four had level III disease. At five years, the survival of the level IV patients was 74%. The five-year survival for the total of the 30 of level IV and III disease was 77%. None of the level III patients died.
Doxycycline
J Natl Cancer Inst. 2006 Oct 4;98(19):1375-82.
Doxycycline administration was associated with an overall response rate of 64% and a 2-year failure-free survival of 67% in patients with Cp -associated OAL. Tumor remission was observed even in patients with multiple failures, i.e., those with involvement of regional lymph nodes and those with lesions that arose in previously
irradiated areas.
IVC
Intravenously administered vitamin C as cancer therapy: three cases
We found 3 well-documented cases of advanced cancers, confirmed by histopathologic review, where patients had unexpectedly long survival times after receiving high-dose intravenous vitamin C therapy.
The Use of Antioxidants with First-Line Chemotherapy in Two Cases of Ovarian Cancer
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology (J.C., V.J.H.) and the Program in Integrative Medicine (J.A.D.), School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
Antioxidants, when added adjunctively, to first-line chemotherapy, may improve the efficacyof chemotherapy and may prove to be safe. A review of four common antioxidants follows. Because of the positive results found in these two patients, a randomized controlled trial is now underway at the University of Kansas Medical Center evaluating safety and efficacy of antioxidants when added to chemotherapy in newly diagnosed ovarian cancer.
OGF
Open Access J Clin Trials. 2010 Mar 1;2010(2):37-48.OGF biotherapy improves the clinical benefit and prolongs survival in patients with pancreatic cancer by stabilizing disease or slowing progression. The effects of OGF did not adversely alter patient quality of life. The use of OGF biotherapy at earlier stages of disease or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents may further improve the outcome of this malignancy.
Sulindak
Wei Qiu, et al. PNAS November 1, 2010. Published online ahead of print November 1, 2010, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1010430107
These results suggest that effective chemoprevention of colon cancer by NSAIDs lies in the elimination of stem cells that are inappropriately activated by oncogenic events through induction of apoptosis.
Mistelstein
Arzneimittelforschung. 2004;54(9):563.
The results of the present study confirmed the safety of the complementary therapy of patients with primary, non-metastatic mammary carcinoma with a standardized mistletoe extract and showed considerably fewer ADRs attributed to concurrent conventional therapy, as well as reduced disease and treatment-associated symptoms, and suggested a prolonged overall survival in the mistletoe extract group as compared with controls.
Anticancer Res. 2000 May-Jun;20(3B):2073-6.
Non-stratified analysis of all the patients revealed non-relevant prolongation of relapse-free intervals/overall survival time for the treatment group. However, analysis of stratified stage III/IV glioma patients demonstrated: 1. a tendency for a prolongation of relapse-free survival for patients of the treatment group (17.43 +/- 8.2 months) vs. the control group (10.45 +/- 3.9 months) 2. a statistically significant (BRESLOW p = 0.035) prolongation of the overall survival for the treatment group (20.05 +/- 3.5 months) as compared to the control group (9.90 +/- 2.1 months). These promising data warrant confirmation in a GCP-based prospectively randomized (multicenter) study, which is currently under consideration.
Valproic acid
Valproic acid was well tolerated in heavily pretreated pediatric patients with high-grade glioma.
J Neurooncol. 2008 Dec;90(3):309-14. Epub 2008 Aug 5.
The tumor status when starting the drug was: no measurable disease in 12, measurable but stable disease in 12, and measurable progressive disease in 22 patients. Average trough blood levels of VPA were 99 mg/l. The most frequent complaint was somnolence (three patients), but no severe toxicity was reported. One relapse patient responded, early progression of disease was observed in three frontline patients and in six relapsed patients. Median overall survival duration for all patients was 1.33 years, with large differences between first-line (5-year overall survival, 44%) and relapse therapy (5-year overall survival, 14%). This shows that valproate is safe in this patient population. The moderate tumor efficacy encourages studying the drug further as an element of multi-agent protocols.
3). Livsstil
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008 Jun 17;105(24):8369-74. Epub 2008 Jun 16.
Two-class paired analysis of global gene expression using significance analysis of microarrays detected 48 up-regulated and 453 down-regulated transcripts after the intervention. Pathway analysis identified significant modulation of biological processes that have critical roles in tumorigenesis, including protein metabolism and modification, intracellular protein traffic, and protein phosphorylation (all P < 0.05). Intensive nutrition and lifestyle changes may modulate gene expression in the prostate. Understanding the prostate molecular response to comprehensive lifestyle changes may strengthen efforts to develop effective prevention and treatment. Larger clinical trials are warranted to confirm the results of this pilot study.
Intensive lifestyle changes may affect the progression of prostate cancer.
J Urol. 2005 Sep;174(3):1065-9; discussion 1069-70.
The growth of LNCaP prostate cancer cells (American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia) was inhibited almost 8 times more by serum from the experimental than from the control group (70% vs 9%, p <0.001). Changes in serum PSA and also in LNCaP cell growth were significantly associated with the degree of change in diet and lifestyle.
J Clin Oncol. 2011 Feb 20;29(6):726-32. Epub 2011 Jan 4.
CONCLUSION: In men with PCa, physical activity was associated with lower overall mortality and PCa mortality. A modest amount of vigorous activity such as biking, tennis, jogging, or swimming for ≥ 3 hours a week may substantially improve PCa-specific survival.
Miljømessige faktorer
N Engl J Med 2000; 343:78-85July 13, 2000
Inherited genetic factors make a minor contribution to susceptibility to most types of neoplasms. This finding indicates that the environment has the principal role in causing sporadic cancer. The relatively large effect of heritability in cancer at a few sites (such as prostate and colorectal cancer) suggests major gaps in our knowledge of the genetics of cancer.
De yrkesrelaterte kreftformene vi har valgt å se på i denne rapporten, er særlig utbredt blant bygge- og anleggsarbeidere og håndverkere, men finnes også i varierende grad for yrkesgrupper i industrien, tjenesteytende næringer, primærnæring og sjøfart. For menn finner vi blant annet at rørleggere har en særlig forhøyet risiko for mesoteliom sammenlignet med risikoen i befolkningen for øvrig, og at mange av yrkesgruppene med økt risiko for lungekreft er innen bygge- og anleggsvirksomhet og håndverksfag. Kvinner har vært mindre utsatt for yrkeseksponering grunnet andre tradisjoner med hensyn til yrkesvalg og lavere yrkesdeltakelse. NOCCA-studien viser en særlig økt risiko for lungekreft for kvinnelige malings- og tapetseringsarbeidere og maskin- og motoroperatører enn ellers i befolkningen, men det er noe usikkerhet knyttet til disse funnene.
The President's Cancer Panel report pulls no punches about workplace exposure
This report begins with an overview of the estimated cancer burden due to environmental exposures, biologic mechanisms that may be responsible for the effects of exposure to environmental contaminants, environmental cancer research and hazard assessment issues, and the current regulatory environment. Though not intended to be a complete evaluation of all sources and types of environmental contaminants, subsequent chapters describe the major sources of these contaminants and the known or suspected influence of selected substances on cancer risk.
Low cancer incidence rates in Ohio Amish
Cancer Causes Control (2010) 21:69–75
Cancer incidence is low in the Ohio Amish. These data strongly support reduction of cancer incidence by tobacco abstinence but cannot be explained solely on this basis. Understanding these contributions may help to identify additional important factors to target to reduce cancer among the non-Amish.
Diett
Dietary patterns and risk of cancer: a factor analysis in Uruguay.
Int J Cancer. 2009 Mar 15;124(6):1391-7.
Whereas the prudent pattern was mainly negatively associated with cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract, the Western pattern showed a strong increase in breast, lung and colon cancers. The study allowed for the reproducibility of the prudent, drinker and Western patterns, whereas the traditional pattern appears to be country specific.
Bær
Clin Cancer Res. 2010 Dec 1.
These data provide evidence of the ability of BRBs to demethylate tumor suppressor genes and to modulate other biomarkers of tumor development in the human colon and rectum. While demethylation of genes did not occur in colorectal tissues from all treated patients, the positive results with the secondary endpoints suggest that additional studies of BRBs for the prevention of colorectal cancer in humans now appear warranted.
Fastende-/kalorirestrektiv diett
MEDICAL HYPOTHESES AND RESEARCH, VOL. 2, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2005
In his patent application, Dr. Clarence D. Cone, Jr., reported that partial to complete oncolysis was achieved in patients with a variety of cancers.
Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010 Apr 22;7:33.
This is the first report of confirmed GBM treated with standard therapy together with a restricted ketogenic diet. As rapid regression of GBM is rare in older patients following incomplete surgical resection and standard therapy alone, the response observed in this case could result in part from the action of the calorie restricted ketogenic diet. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of restricted ketogenic diets, administered alone or together with standard treatment, as a therapy for GBM and possibly other malignant brain tumors.
Targeting energy metabolism in brain cancer through calorie restriction and the ketogenic diet.
J Cancer Res Ther. 2009 Sep;5 Suppl 1:S7-15.
We propose a different approach to brain cancer management that exploits the metabolic flexibility of normal cells at the expense of the genetically defective and less metabolically flexible tumor cells. This approach to brain cancer management is supported from recent studies in orthotopic mouse brain tumor models and in human pediatric astrocytoma treated with calorie restriction and the ketogenic diet. Issues of implementation and use protocols are discussed.
Oncogene. 2011 Apr 25. [Epub ahead of print]
Preliminary reports indicate that fasting for up to 5 days followed by a normal diet, may also protect patients against chemotherapy without causing chronic weight loss. By contrast, the long-term 20 to 40% restriction in calorie intake (dietary restriction, DR), whose effects on cancer progression have been studied extensively for decades, requires weeks-months to be effective, causes much more modest changes in glucose and/or IGF-I levels, and promotes chronic weight loss in both rodents and humans. In this study, we review the basic as well as clinical studies on fasting, cellular protection and chemotherapy resistance, and compare them to those on DR and cancer treatment.
FASTING AS AN ADJUNCT TO TREATMENT FOR CANCER:
By Tanya Dorff, M.D. and Valter D. Longo, Ph.D.
Is there a role for carbohydrate restriction in the treatment and prevention of cancer?
Nutr Metab (Lond). 2011 Oct 26;8:75.
ABSTRACT: Over the last years, evidence has accumulated suggesting that by systematically reducing the amount of dietary carbohydrates (CHOs) one could suppress, or at least delay, the emergence of cancer, and that proliferation of already existing tumor cells could be slowed down.
IGF1
Minireview: IGF, Insulin, and Cancer.
Endocrinology. 2011 May 3. [Epub ahead of print]
In this minireview, we discuss some of the recent in vitro, animal, and clinical studies that have elaborated our understanding of the influence of IGF and insulin on tumorigenesis. These studies have shed more light on the interaction between insulin and IGF signaling in cancer cells. They have made possible the development of novel targeted therapies and highlighted some of the potential future directions for research and therapeutics.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009 May;18(5):1333-40.
The results from this large cross-sectional analysis show that either the intake of dairy protein or calcium is an important dietary determinant of IGF-I and IGFBP-2 concentrations; however, we suggest that it is more likely to be protein from dairy products.
Short-term effects of replacing milk with cola beverages on insulin-like growth factor-I and insulin-glucose metabolism: a 10 d interventional study in young men.
Br J Nutr. 2009 Oct;102(7):1047-51. Epub 2009 Sep 22.
The present study demonstrates that high intake of cola over a 10 d period decreases total IGF-I compared with a high intake of milk, with no effect on glucose-insulin metabolism in adult men. It is unknown whether this is a transient phenomenon or whether it has long-term consequences.
Circulating insulin-like growth factor-I levels regulate colon cancer growth and metastasis.
Cancer Res. 2002 Feb 15;62(4):1030-5.
Both control and LID mice treated with recombinant human IGF-I displayed significantly increased rates of tumor development on the cecum and metastasis to the liver, as compared with saline-injected mice. The number of metastatic nodules in the liver was significantly higher in control mice as compared with LID mice.
Eur J Endocrinol. 2011 Apr;164(4):485-9. Epub 2011 Feb 3.
Our findings bear heavily on the relationship between GH/IGF1 and cancer. Homozygous patients with congenital IGF1 deficiency and insensitivity to GH such as LS seem protected from future cancer development, even if treated by IGF1. Patients with congenital IGHD also seem protected.
Rå vs kokte grønnsaker
Raw versus cooked vegetables and cancer risk.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2004 Sep;13(9):1422-35.
Most showed that vegetables, raw or cooked, were inversely related to these cancers. However, more consistent results were found for oral, pharyngeal, laryngeal, esophageal, and gastric cancers. Nine of the 11 studies of raw and cooked vegetables showed statistically significant inverse relationships of these cancers with raw vegetables, but only 4 with cooked vegetables.
Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(2):131-7.
In contrast, no significant association with risk was seen for an increased intake of fruits, cooked vegetables, fiber, calcium, manganese, or iron. In this population of German women, components of raw vegetables and some micronutrients appear to decrease breast cancer risk.
Plantebasert diett
Integr Cancer Ther. 2006 Sep;5(3):206-13.
There was a significant decrease in the rate of PSA rise from prestudy to 0 to 6 months (P < .01). Four of 10 evaluable patients experienced an absolute reduction in their PSA levels over the entire 6-month study. Nine of 10 had a reduction in their rates of PSA rise and an improvement of their PSA doubling times. Median PSA doubling time increased from 11.9 months (prestudy) to 112.3 months (intervention). These results provide preliminary evidence that adoption of a plant-based diet, in combination with stress reduction, may attenuate disease progression and have therapeutic potential for clinical management of recurrent prostate cancer.
Am J Clin Nutr. 1991 Mar;53(3):798-800.
The relationships among anthropometric variables, dietary nutrients, and plasma steroid, polypeptide, and binding-protein hormone concentrations were investigated in 24 Seventh-day Adventist postmenopausal women, 12 vegetarian (SV) and 12 nonvegetarian (SNV). Fasting blood and 7-d dietary intake information were collected. SVs consumed significantly more crude and dietary fiber and fewer saturated fatty acids than did SNVs. The thigh and sum of three skinfold-thickness measurements were significantly greater for SNVs than for SVs. Plasma concentrations of estradiol-17 beta were significantly lower in SVs than in SNVs.
Granateple
Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 1;12(13):4018-26.
We report the first clinical trial of pomegranate juice in patients with prostate cancer. The statistically significant prolongation of PSA doubling time, coupled with corresponding laboratory effects on prostate cancer in vitro cell proliferation and apoptosis as well as oxidative stress, warrant further testing in a placebo-controlled study.
Lignans
Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2010 Jul;122(1):229-35. Epub 2009 Dec 22.
There was no association between the consumption of dietary lignans and all-cause, total cancer, or breast cancer mortality among premenopausal women. However, postmenopausal women with the highest intake of lignans showed a statistically significant reduction in the risk for all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 0.48) and a significantly lower risk for breast cancer mortality (hazard ratio, 0.35). "In this study, lignan intake was derived primarily from dark bread, peaches, apricots, broccoli, winter squash, oranges, strawberries, onions, coffee, and tea," said Dr. McCann.
The researchers did not find an association between mortality and the intake of fruits and vegetables, although a high intake of lignans might be a marker of a plant-based diet. "This study is evidence that a healthy diet can contribute to improved survival in breast cancer and other chronic diseases," she said. "It provides more evidence that a plant-based diet may help survival in cancer patients."
Linfrø
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Dec;17(12):3577-87.
Men were on protocol an average of 30 days. Proliferation rates were significantly lower (P < 0.002) among men assigned to the flaxseed arms. Median Ki-67-positive cells/total nuclei ratios (x100) were 1.66 (flaxseed-supplemented diet) and 1.50 (flaxseed-supplemented, low-fat diet) versus 3.23 (control) and 2.56 (low-fat diet). No differences were observed between arms with regard to side effects, apoptosis, and most serologic endpoints; however, men on low-fat diets experienced significant decreases in serum cholesterol (P = 0.048).
Ann Nutr Metab. 2002;46(5):182-91.
The n-6/n-3 ratio decreased in parallel from 4.2 to 3.8. Without any changes in consumers' eating habits, foodstuffs from animals fed linseed diets induced significant modifications of human plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid composition (comparable to that noted under the 'Cretan' diet) and a sharp increase in CLA.
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010 Mar;54(3):415-25.
All treatments reduced the growth of TAM-treated tumors by reducing cell proliferation, expression of genes, and proteins involved in the ER- and growth factor-mediated signaling pathways with FO having the greatest effect in increasing apoptosis compared with TAM treatment alone. SDG and FO reduced the growth of TAM-treated tumors but FO was more effective. The mechanisms involve both the ER- and growth factor-signaling pathways.
Korsblomstfamilien
BMC Cancer. 2010 Apr 27;10:162.
Our findings are consistent with the smoking-related carcinogen-modulating effect of isothiocyanates, a group of phytochemicals uniquely present in cruciferous vegetables. Our data support consumption of a diet rich in cruciferous vegetables may reduce the risk of lung cancer among smokers.
Consumption of raw cruciferous vegetables is inversely associated with bladder cancer risk.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Apr;17(4):938-44.
We observed a strong and statistically significant inverse association between bladder cancer risk and raw cruciferous vegetable intake (adjusted OR for highest versus lowest category = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.42-0.97), with a significant trend (P = 0.003); there were no significant associations for fruit, total vegetables, or total cruciferous vegetables. The associations observed for total raw crucifers were also observed for individual raw crucifers. The inverse association remained significant among current and heavy smokers with three or more servings per month of raw cruciferous vegetables (adjusted ORs, 0.46 and 0.60; 95% CI, 0.23-0.93 and 0.38-0.93, respectively). These data suggest that cruciferous vegetables, when consumed raw, may reduce the risk of bladder cancer, an effect consistent with the role of dietary isothiocyanates as chemopreventive agents against bladder cancer.
Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of bladder cancer in a male prospective cohort.
J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Apr 7;91(7):605-13.
Data from this study indicate that high cruciferous vegetable consumption may reduce bladder cancer risk, but other vegetables and fruits may not confer appreciable benefits against this cancer.
Brassica vegetable consumption shifts estrogen metabolism in healthy postmenopausal women.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2000 Aug;9(8):773-9.
Brassica vegetable consumption was associated with a statistically significant increase in 2:16 values, such that for each 10-g/day increase in Brassica consumption, there was an increase in the 2:16 ratio of 0.08 (95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.15). To the extent that the 2:16 ratio, as measured in urine, is associated with breast cancer risk, future research should consider Brassica vegetable consumption as a potentially effective and acceptable dietary strategy to prevent breast cancer.
Nutr Cancer. 2003;46(2):138-47.
Although the sample size was limited, subgroup analyses showed that the associations differed with the histopathological subtype. These findings suggest that cruciferous vegetables decrease the risk of both stomach and colorectal cancer, and that mushrooms are associated with a decreased risk of stomach cancer.
Drug Metabol Drug Interact. 1999;15(2-3):215-22.
In the experimental group, only three out of 35 mice showed tumor development, whereas in the control group the number was 23 out of 35 mice. It was also observed that the extract prevented the development of liquid EA tumors. This extract was also found to be nontoxic. Brassica oleracea var. capitata had a healing effect as well as a protective effect on EA solid tumors of mice. These results are in agreement with our previous results obtained from a liquid Brassica oleracea var. acephala juice extract.
Exogenous Stimuli Maintain Intraepithelial Lymphocytes via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation.
AhR activity can be regulated by dietary components, such as those present in cruciferous vegetables, providing a mechanistic link between dietary compounds, the intestinal immune system, and the microbiota.
Induction of apoptosis in tumor cells by naturally occurring sulfur-containing compounds
Mutation Research 589 (2005) 81–102
However, the role of P53 is still controversial. Based on present knowledge, GCs and ITCs may target not only the metabolism of
carcinogens but also apoptosis signaling molecules. The effects of ITCs and GCs at multiple points of cancer development make
these compounds highly promising candidates in cancer chemoprevention.
Fisk
Fish consumption and prostate cancer risk: a review and meta-analysis.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Nov;92(5):1223-33. Epub 2010 Sep 15.
Our analyses provide no strong evidence of a protective association of fish consumption with prostate cancer incidence but showed a significant 63% reduction in prostate cancer-specific mortality.
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2002 Jan;11(1):143-5.
Total fish consumption was inversely associated with risk, although weakly. Our results suggest that the consumption of fatty fish, but not other types of fish, may decrease the risk of endometrial cancer.
Fettsyreprofil
Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2008 Jun;233(6):674-88. Epub 2008 Apr 11.
Excessive amounts of omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a very high omega-6/omega-3 ratio, as is found in today's Western diets, promote the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, whereas increased levels of omega-3 PUFA (a lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio), exert suppressive effects. In the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, a ratio of 4/1 was associated with a 70% decrease in total mortality. A ratio of 2.5/1 reduced rectal cell proliferation in patients with colorectal cancer, whereas a ratio of 4/1 with the same amount of omega-3 PUFA had no effect. The lower omega-6/omega-3 ratio in women with breast cancer was associated with decreased risk.
Natural killer cell activity in a longitudinal dietary fat intervention trial.
Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1990 Jan;54(1):103-16.
Results of a general linear model in which we fitted covariates on exercise, body mass, intervention sequence, and various dietary predictors revealed a significant effect of decreased total dietary fat intake on increased NK activity at an E/T ratio of 100:1 (about 0.79% increase for each absolute percent of calories as fat, P = 0.04). Similar results were obtained at E/T ratios of 50:1 and 25:1. No other nutritional predictor was significantly associated with NK activity at any E/T ratio.
Overvekt
Post-diagnosis weight change, body mass index, and breast cancer survival
Sixth AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research-- Dec 5-8, 2007; Philadelphia, PA
For every 5 kg weight gain since breast cancer diagnosis, risk of death from breast cancer increased by 14% (HR=1.14; 95% CI: 1.04-1.26). We did not observe effect modification of the weight gain and breast cancer survival association according to age (P-interaction=0.4), menopausal status (P-interaction=0.4), or cigarette smoking (P-interaction=0.3). Risk of breast cancer death was more than twice as high among women classified as obese compared to those classified with normal body mass index (BMI) (HR=2.36; 95% 1.50-3.73 for post-diagnosis BMI >30 kg/m2 versus 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). These findings suggest that efforts towards preventing post-diagnosis weight gain may positively affect breast cancer survival.
Obesity and risk of cancer in postmenopausal Korean women.
J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jul 10;26(20):3395-402.
Although variations exist between the individual cancer sites, obesity was associated with an overall increased risk of cancer in postmenopausal Korean women. To reduce the risk of cancer, active strategies to prevent obesity should be implemented in postmenopausal women.
Stress
Stress hormones and immune function.
Cell Immunol. 2008 Mar-Apr;252(1-2):16-26. Epub 2008 Feb 14.
Over the past 20 years we have demonstrated both in animal models and in human studies that stress increases neuroendocrine hormones, particularly glucocorticoids and catecholamines but to some extent also prolactin, growth hormone and nerve growth factor.
Brain Behav Immun. 2007 Nov;21(8):1038-49. Epub 2007 May 22.
Linear mixed modeling showed significant improvements in overall symptoms of stress which were maintained over the follow-up period. Cortisol levels decreased systematically over the course of the follow-up. Immune patterns over the year supported a continued reduction in Th1 (pro-inflammatory) cytokines. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) decreased from pre- to post-intervention and HR was positively associated with self-reported symptoms of stress.
Depression, cortisol, and suppressed cell-mediated immunity in metastatic breast cancer.
Brain Behav Immun. 2009 Nov;23(8):1148-55. Epub 2009 Jul 28.
Analyses adjusting for relevant medical and treatment variables indicated that women reporting more depressive symptoms showed suppressed immunity as measured by lower average induration size. Women with higher mean diurnal cortisol concentrations also showed suppressed immunity as indicated by a decreased number of antigens to which positive reactions were measured. This study highlights the relationships among depression, stress, and immune function in the context of advanced breast cancer.
Stressful life events and risk of breast cancer in 10,808 women: a cohort study.
Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Mar 1;157(5):415-23.
Through record linkage with the Finnish Cancer Registry, 180 incident cases of breast cancer were identified in the cohort between 1982 and 1996. The multivariable adjusted hazard ratio for breast cancer per one-event increase in the total number of life events was 1.07 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00, 1.15). This risk estimate rose to 1.35 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.67) when only major life events were taken into account. Independently of total life events, divorce/separation (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.26, 95% CI: 1.25, 4.07), death of a husband (HR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.03, 3.88), and death of a close relative or friend (HR = 1.36, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.86) were all associated with increased risk of breast cancer. The findings suggest a role for life events in breast cancer etiology through hormonal or other mechanisms.
Social support, psychological distress, and natural killer cell activity in ovarian cancer.
J Clin Oncol. 2005 Oct 1;23(28):7105-13.
Psychosocial factors, such as social support and distress, are associated with changes in the cellular immune response, not only in peripheral blood, but also at the tumor level. These relationships were more robust in TIL. These findings support the presence of stress influences in the tumor microenvironment.
Inflammasjon
Cellular and molecular pathways linking inflammation and cancer.
Immunobiology. 2009;214(9-10):761-77. Epub 2009 Jul 17.
Several experimental and epidemiological evidence indicate that, irrespective of the trigger for the development (chronic infection/inflammation or genetic alteration), a "smouldering" inflammation is associated with the most of, if not all, tumours and supports their progression. Several evidence have highlighted that tumours promote a constant influx of myelomonocytic cells that express inflammatory mediators supporting pro-tumoral functions
Integr Cancer Ther. 2002 Mar;1(1):7-37; discussion 37.
Based on the hypothesis that natural agents capable of modulating both lipoxygenase and COX may advance the efficacy of cancer therapy, an overview and discussion is presented of dietary modifications and selected nutritional and botanical agents (notably, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, boswellia, bromelain, curcumin, and quercetin) that favorably influence eicosanoid production.
Breast Cancer Res. 2007;9(4):212.
Acute tumor-directed immune responses involving cytolytic T lymphocytes appear to protect against tumor development, whereas immune responses involving chronic activation of humoral immunity, infiltration by Th2 cells, and protumor-polarized innate inflammatory cells result in the promotion of tumor development and disease progression.
Evaluation of an inflammation-based prognostic score in patients with advanced ovarian cancer.
Eur J Cancer. 2008 Jan;44(2):251-6. Epub 2007 Dec 26.
The presence of a systemic inflammatory response, as measured by the GPS, is an independent predictor of poor overall survival in patients with advanced ovarian cancer independent of treatment received.
4). Adjuvant behandling ved kirurgi og kjemoterapi
Antioksidanter
Journal of the American College of Nutrition, Vol. 20, No. 90005, 450S-463S (2001)
We have hypothesized that high-dose multiple micronutrients, including antioxidants, as an adjunct to standard (radiation therapy and chemotherapy) or experimental therapy (hyperthermia and immunotherapy), may improve the efficacy of cancer therapy by increasing tumor response and decreasing toxicity. Several in vitro studies and some in vivo investigations support this hypothesis. A second hypothesis is that antioxidants may interfere with the efficacy of radiation therapy and chemotherapy. This hypothesis is based on the concept that antioxidants will destroy free radicals that are generated during therapy, thereby protecting cancer cells against death. None of the published data on the effect of antioxidants in combination with radiation or chemotherapeutic agents on tumor cells supports the second hypothesis. Scientific rationale in support of a micronutrient protocol to be used as an adjunct to standard or experimental cancer therapy is presented.
Int J Cancer. 2008 Sep 15;123(6):1227-39.
Antioxidants evaluated were: glutathione (11), melatonin (7), vitamin A (1), an antioxidant mixture (2), N-acetylcysteine (2), vitamin E (5), selenium (2), L-carnitine (1), Co-Q10 (1) and ellagic acid (1). The majority (24) of the 33 studies included reported evidence of decreased toxicities from the concurrent use of antioxidants with chemotherapy. Nine studies reported no difference in toxicities between the 2 groups. Only 1 study (vitamin A) reported a significant increase in toxicity in the antioxidant group. Five studies reported the antioxidant group completed more full doses of chemotherapy or had less-dose reduction than control groups. Statistical power and poor study quality were concerns with some studies.
Astragalus
J Clin Oncol. 2006 Jul 1;24(19):3215-6; author reply 3216-7.
Systemic treatments for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer have low efficacy and high toxicity. Some Chinese herbal medicines have been reported to increase chemotherapy efficacy and reduce toxicity. In particular, Astragalus has been shown to have immunologic benefits by stimulating macrophage and natural killer cell activity and inhibiting T-helper cell type 2 cytokines.
Vitamin E
Neuroprotective effect of vitamin E supplementation in patients treated with cisplatin chemotherapy.
J Clin Oncol. 2003 Mar 1;21(5):927-31.
Twenty-seven patients completed six cycles of cisplatin chemotherapy: 13 patients in group one and 14 patients in group two. The incidence of neurotoxicity was significantly lower in group one (30.7%) than it was in group two (85.7%; P <.01). The severity of neurotoxicity, measured with a comprehensive neurotoxicity score based on clinical and neurophysiological parameters, was significantly lower in patients who were supplemented with vitamin E than in patients who were not supplemented with vitamin E (2 v 4.7, P <.01).
Glutamin
Muscle and Plasma Amino Acids after Injury: Hypocaloric Glucose vs. Amino Acid Infusion
Ann Surg. 1980 April; 191(4): 465–472.
There was a marked decrease in muscle glutamine and smaller decreases in the basic amino acids in both muscle and plasma.
Metabolic disorders in severe abdominal sepsis: Glutamine deficiency in skeletal muscle
Clinical Nutrition Volume 1, Issue 1, March 1982, Pages 25-41
A correct classification of non-survivors and survivors could be obtained from the plasma and muscle amino acid concentrations, the highest discriminant power being from muscle glutamine. In severe sepsis metabolic changes correlate with the outcome of the patients, and amino acid metabolism seems to be characterised by low concentrations of muscle glutamine and high levels of the branched chain amino acids possibly indicating an inhibited intracellular glutamine formation in muscle tissue.
(Journal of Nutrition. 2001;131:2515S-2522S.)
At least 16 randomized, blind, controlled clinical trials have demonstrated beneficial effects of glutamine-supplemented parenteral and/or enteral nutrition in catabolic patient subgroups, including those with inflammatory bowel disease [recently reviewed by Jonas and Ziegler (1999) ] and those patients receiving abdominal radiation treatment (Souba et al. 1990b ). These studies reported improved nitrogen balance, muscle mass and/or gut integrity. In contrast, a number of other studies have not demonstrated improved clinical outcomes e.g., chemotherapy-induced toxicity (van Zaanen et al. 1994 ), bone-marrow transplantation (Schloerb and Skikne 1999 ) and Crohn’s disease (Den Hond et al. 1999 ). However, reduced hospital infection rates with glutamine-enriched nutrition have been shown in adult patients after bone-marrow transplantation (Ziegler et al. 1992 ), major trauma (Houdijk et al. 1998 ) and in premature infants requiring intensive care (Neu et al. 1997 ).
Six-month outcome of critically ill patients given glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition
Nutrition. 1997 Apr;13(4):295-302.
An abundant amino acid in the human body, glutamine (Gln) has many important metabolic roles that may protect orpromote tissue integrity and enhance the immune system. Low plasma and tissue levels of Gln in the critically ill suggest that demand may exceed endogenous supply. A relative deficiency of Gln in such patients could compromise recovery and result in prolonged illness and an increase in late mortality...
Effects of oral glutamine supplementation on children with solid tumors receiving chemotherapy.
Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006 Jun;23(4):277-85.
There were significant improvements of some nutritional and immunological parameters in the glutamine-supplemented course. Also glutamine seemed to reduce antibiotic necessity. Oral glutamine supplementation could be considered in children with solid tumors receiving chemotherapy.
5). Adjuvant behandling ved strålebehandling
Koffein
Radiation Research, Volume 164, Issue 4 (October 2005)
Caffeine sensitizes cells to ionizing radiation, and this effect is believed to be associated with the disruption of DNA damage-responsive cell cycle checkpoints, which is controlled by ATM. Recent studies suggest that misrejoining of DSBs is one of the underlying mechanisms of AT cell hyper-radiosensitivity.
Selen (sodium selenite)
J Clin Oncol 26: 2008 (May 20 suppl; abstr 9539)
For the first time, the significant benefit of sodium selenite with regard to selenium deficiency and radiotherapy-induced diarrhea in patients with cervical and uterine cancer could be shown in a prospective randomized trial. Overall survival rates show that supplementation of selenium does not interfere with the positive biological effects of RT.
6). Krefttyper
Blærekreft
Inhibition of bladder cancer development by allyl isothiocyanate
Carcinogenesis. 2010 February; 31(2): 281–286.
AITC is selectively delivered to bladder cancer tissue through urinary excretion and potently inhibits bladder cancer development and invasion.
Bukspyttkjertelkreft
Integr Cancer Ther. 2010 Jun;9(2):247.
The authors, in a previous article, described the long-term survival of a man with pancreatic cancer and metastases to the liver, treated with intravenous alpha-lipoic acid and oral low-dose naltrexone (ALA/N) without any adverse effects. He is alive and well 78 months after initial presentation. Three additional pancreatic cancer case studies are presented in this article. At the time of this writing, the first patient, GB, is alive and well 39 months after presenting with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with metastases to the liver. The second patient, JK, who presented to the clinic with the same diagnosis was treated with the ALA/N protocol and after 5 months of therapy, PET scan demonstrated no evidence of disease. The third patient, RC, in addition to his pancreatic cancer with liver and retroperitoneal metastases, has a history of B-cell lymphoma and prostate adenocarcinoma. After 4 months of the ALA/N protocol his PET scan demonstrated no signs of cancer.
Brystkreft
The benefits and harms of screening for cancer with a focus on breast screening.
Pol Arch Med Wewn. 2010 Mar;120(3):89-94.
The effects of routine clinical breast examination are unknown, but considering the results of the breast self-examination trials, it is likely that it is harmful. The effects of screening for breast cancer with thermography, ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging are unknown. It is not clear whether screening with mammography does more good than harm. Women invited to screening should be informed according to the best available evidence, data should be reported in absolute numbers, and benefits and harms should be reported using the same denominator so that they can be readily compared.
Frequency of vitamin D (Vit D) deficiency at breast cancer (BC) diagnosis and association with risk of distant recurrence and death in a prospective cohort study of T1-3, N0-1, M0 BC
J Clin Oncol 26: 2008 (May 20 suppl; abstr 511)
Vit D deficiency is common at BC diagnosis and is associated with poor prognosis. This research was funded by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation.
Glioma
Edelfosine
In vitro and in vivo efficacy of edelfosine-loaded lipid nanoparticles against glioma.
J Control Release. 2011 Jul 28.
Our results showed that Tween® 80 coated Compritol® and Precirol® LN can effectively inhibit the growth of C6 glioma cells in vitro and suggest that edelfosine-loaded LN represent an attractive option for the enhancement of antitumor activity on brain tumors in vivo.
Diett
Nutr Metab (Lond). 2010 Apr 22;7:33.
This is the first report of confirmed GBM treated with standard therapy together with a restricted ketogenic diet. As rapid regression of GBM is rare in older patients following incomplete surgical resection and standard therapy alone, the response observed in this case could result in part from the action of the calorie restricted ketogenic diet. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of restricted ketogenic diets, administered alone or together with standard treatment, as a therapy for GBM and possibly other malignant brain tumors.
Targeting energy metabolism in brain cancer through calorie restriction and the ketogenic diet.
J Cancer Res Ther. 2009 Sep;5 Suppl 1:S7-15.
We propose a different approach to brain cancer management that exploits the metabolic flexibility of normal cells at the expense of the genetically defective and less metabolically flexible tumor cells. This approach to brain cancer management is supported from recent studies in orthotopic mouse brain tumor models and in human pediatric astrocytoma treated with calorie restriction and the ketogenic diet. Issues of implementation and use protocols are discussed.
The ERGO trial: A pilot study of a ketogenic diet in patients with recurrent glioblastoma.
J Clin Oncol 28, 2010 (suppl; abstr e12532)
Conclusions: This ketogenic diet is feasible and safe and has antitumor activity in glioma patients. The combination of the diet with antiangiogenic agents appears promising according to theoretical considerations and our preliminary data. Randomized trials evaluating the therapeutic potential of ketogenic diets in tumor patients are warranted.
Johannesurt
Cancer. 2011 Mar 31. doi: 10.1002/cncr.26123. [Epub ahead of print]
RESULTS:
Synthetic hypericin administered orally appeared to provide stabilization or a slight (<50%) decrease in tumor volume (coded as stable disease) at 3 months for 7 of 42 patients (17%) and produced a tumor reduction >50% (partial response) in 2 patients (5%). Seventeen patients (40%) survived for 3 months on daily synthetic hypericin at dose levels of 0.33 ± 0.070 mg/kg daily. The mean maximum tolerated dose was 0.40 ± 0.098 mg/kg daily. Twelve patients continued on hypericin therapy beyond 3 months. The median survival was 26 weeks (Kaplan-Meier method).
Artemether
Integr Cancer Ther. 2009 Jun;8(2):195.
There were remarkably inhibitory effects of artmeter on brain glioma growth and angiogenesis in SD rats and the mechanism that artemether inhibited brain glioma growth might be penetrating the blood-brain barrier and inhibiting angiogenesis.
Quercetin
Lactate promotes glioma migration by TGF-β2–dependent regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2
Neuro Oncol. 2009 August; 11(4): 368–380.
Lactate dehydrogenase type A (LDH-A) is a key metabolic enzyme catalyzing pyruvate into lactate and is excessively expressed by tumor cells. Transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) is a key regulator of invasion in high-grade gliomas, partially by inducing a mesenchymal phenotype and by remodeling the extracellular matrix.
Kolorektal kreft
Cimetidine
Cimetidine increases survival of colorectal cancer patients with high levels of sialyl Lewis-X and sialyl Lewis-A epitope expression on tumour cells.
Br J Cancer. 2002 Jan 21;86(2):159-60.
For example, the 10-year cumulative survival rate of the cimetidine group with higher CSLEX staining, recognizing sL(x), of tumours was 95.5%, whereas that of control group was 35.1% (P=0.0001). In contrast, in the group of patients with no or low levels CSLEX staining, cimetidine did not show significant beneficial effect (the 10-year survival rate of the cimetidine group was 70.0% and that of control group was 85.7% (P=n.s.)). These results clearly indicate that cimetidine treatment dramatically improved survival in colorectal cancer patients with tumour cells expressing high levels of sL(x) and sL(a).
VPS Coriolus Versicolor Extrakt
Br J Cancer. 2004 Sep 13;91(6):1220-1; author reply 1221-3.
Adverse effects were mild and compliance was good. Oral PSK with UFT reduced recurrence in stage II and III colorectal cancer, and increased survival in stage III.
Dis Colon Rectum. 1992 Feb;35(2):123-30.
The disease-free survival curve and the survival curve of the PSK group were better than those of the control group, and differences between the two groups were statistically significant (disease-free survival, P = 0.013; survival, P = 0.013). These results indicate that adjuvant immunochemotherapy with PSK was beneficial for curatively resected colorectal cancer.
Vitamin D
Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels and survival in patients with colorectal cancer.
J Clin Oncol. 2008 Jun 20;26(18):2937-9.
Among patients with colorectal cancer, higher prediagnosis plasma 25(OH)D levels were associated with a significant improvement in overall survival. Further study of the vitamin D pathway and its influence on colorectal carcinogenesis and cancer progression is warranted.
Curcumin/Sulindak
Curcumin potentiates the pro-apoptotic effects of sulindac sulfone in colorectal cancer.
Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2010 Apr;19 Suppl 1:S117-24.
Curcumin augments the therapeutic effects of SFN. This may be clinically important since the addition of curcumin to low dosages of SFN may encourage a safer and potent combinatorial treatment regimen for CRC.
Melanoma
DIPYRIDAMOLE FOR TREATMENT OF MELANOMA
The Lancet, Volume 325, Issue 8430, Page 693, 23 March 1985
These doctors for the past 11 years had been maintaining melanoma patients with Clark's level IV and III disease on dipyridamole, 300 mg a day. Thirty of these patients were maintained on this dose of dipyridamole. Of them, 26 had level IV disease and four had level III disease. At five years, the survival of the level IV patients was 74%. The five-year survival for the total of the 30 of level IV and III disease was 77%. None of the level III patients died.
Non-Hodgkins lymfom
Biol Trace Elem Res. 2007 Winter;120(1-3):1-10.
Overall survival time in months was significantly longer in complete remission patients in group A-II (21.87 +/- 1.41) compared to group A-I (19.70 +/- 1.95) (p = 0.01). It is concluded that sodium selenite administration at the dosage and duration chosen acts as a down regulator of Bcl-2 and improves clinical outcome.
Leukemi
AML
Blood. 2009 Jul 9;114(2):257-60. Epub 2009 May 11.
We tested the clinical efficacy of targeting eIF4E in M4/M5 AML patients with a physical mimic of the m(7)G cap, ribavirin. Among 11 evaluable patients there were 1 complete remission (CR), 2 partial remissions (PRs), 2 blast responses (BRs), 4 stable diseases (SDs), and 2 progressive diseases (PDs). Ribavirin-induced relocalization of nuclear eIF4E to the cytoplasm and reduction of eIF4E levels were associated with clinical response.
Selenite is a potent cytotoxic agent for human primary AML cells.
Cancer Lett. 2009 Sep 8;282(1):116-23. Epub 2009 Apr 3.
Exposure to selenite also resulted in an increased mRNA expression of the antioxidant proteins TrxR1 and Grx, while staining for TrxR1 showed decreased protein levels. The results strongly suggest a great potential for selenite in the treatment of multi drug resistant AML.
ALL
Hematology/Oncology Unit, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt.
We can conclude that vitamin E and NAC have been shown to be effective as antioxidant adjuvant therapy in children with ALL to reduce chemo-/radiotherapy-related toxicities during the initial period of treatment.
CLL
Vitamin D insufficiency and prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).
Blood. 2010 Nov 3.
In the Mayo Clinic study, published online in the journal Blood, the researchers found that patients with insufficient levels of vitamin D when their leukemia was diagnosed progressed much faster and were about twice as likely to die as were patients with adequate levels of vitamin D. They also found solid trends: increasing vitamin D levels across patients matched longer survival times and decreasing levels matched shortening intervals between diagnosis and cancer progression. The association also remained after controlling for other prognostic factors associated with leukemia progression.
Green Tea Extract Appears to Keep Cancer in Check in Majority of CLL Patients
www.sciencedaily.com/
Using the highest dose tested in the phase I study, the researchers launched their phase II clinical trial in an additional 36 patients. The results presented at the ASCO meeting evaluate the effects in these 36 patients as well as the six patients from the phase I trial treated at the same dose (total 42 patients). Results from 41 patients who have completed the study show that 31 percent of patients had a 20 percent or greater sustained reduction in blood leukemia count, and 69 percent of patients with enlarged lymph nodes saw a reduction of node size of 50 percent or greater.
In all, 69 percent of CLL patients had a biological response to EGCG as evidenced by a 20 percent or greater sustained reduction in blood lymphocyte count and/or a 50 percent or greater reduction in lymph node size, the researchers say.
Livmorhalskreft
Forlat
Improvement in cervical dysplasia associated with folic acid therapy in users of oral contraceptives
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 35, 73-82, Copyright © 1982 by The American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc
These studies indicate that either a reversible, localized derangement in folate metabolism may sometimes be misdiagnosed as cervical dysplasia, or else such a derangement is an integral component of the dysplastic process that may be arrested or in some cases reversed by oral folic acid supplementation.
I3C
Placebo-controlled trial of indole-3-carbinol in the treatment of CIN.
Gynecol Oncol. 2000 Aug;78(2):123-9.
None (0 of 10) of the patients in the placebo group had complete regression of CIN. In contrast 4 of 8 patients in the 200 mg/day arm and 4 of 9 patients in the 400 mg/day arm had complete regression based on their 12-week biopsy. This protective effect of I-3-C is shown by a relative risk (RR) of 0.50 ((95% CI, 0. 25 to 0.99) P = 0.023) for the 200 mg/day group and a RR of 0.55 ((95% CI, 0.31 to 0.99) P = 0.032) for the 400 mg/day group. HPV was detected in 7 of 10 placebo patients, in 7 of 8 in the 200 mg/day group, and in 8 of 9 in the 400 mg/day group.
Prostatakreft
Beta-sitosterol
Treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia with beta-sitosterol: an 18-month follow-up.
Of the formerbeta-sitosterol group, 38 patients who continued beta-sitosterol treatment had stable values for all outcome variables between the end of the double-blind study and after 18 months of follow-up. The 41 patients choosing no further therapy had slightly worse symptom scores and PVR, but no changes in Qmax. Of the former placebo group, 27 patients who started beta-sitosterol after the double-blind trial improved to the same extent as the treated group for all outcome variables. The 18 patients choosing no further therapy showed no signs of improvement.
Gamma-tocotrienol
Gamma-tocotrienol as an effective agent in targeting prostate cancer stem cell-like population.
Int J Cancer. 2010 Jul 8
Here, we demonstrate for the first time that gamma-T3 can downregulate the expression of prostate CSC markers (CD133/CD44) in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU145), as evident from Western blotting analysis. Meanwhile, the spheroid formation ability of the prostate cancer cells was significantly hampered by gamma-T3 treatment. In addition, pretreatment of PC-3 cells with gamma-T3 was found to suppress tumor initiation ability of the cells. More importantly, although CD133-enriched PC-3 cells were highly resistant to docetaxel treatment, these cells were as sensitive to gamma-T3 treatment as the CD133-depleted population. Our data suggest that gamma-T3 may be an effective agent in targeting prostate CSCs, which may account for its anticancer and chemosensitizing effects reported in previous studies.
Granateple
Phase II study of pomegranate juice for men with rising prostate-specific antigen following surgery or radiation for prostate cancer.Clin Cancer Res. 2006 Jul 1;12(13):4018-26.
The study was fully accrued after efficacy criteria were met. There were no serious adverse events reported and the treatment was well tolerated. Mean PSA doubling time significantly increased with treatment from a mean of 15 months at baseline to 54 months posttreatment (P < 0.001). In vitro assays comparing pretreatment and posttreatment patient serum on the growth of LNCaP showed a 12% decrease in cell proliferation and a 17% increase in apoptosis (P = 0.0048 and 0.0004, respectively), a 23% increase in serum nitric oxide (P = 0.0085), and significant (P < 0.02) reductions in oxidative state and sensitivity to oxidation of serum lipids after versus before pomegranate juice consumption.
Oral infusion of pomegranate fruit extract inhibits prostate carcinogenesis in the TRAMP model
Carcinogenesis (2011) doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgr308 First published online: December 22, 2011
Compared to respective water fed-groups, none of the mice inPFE-supplemented groups exhibited metastases to any of the distant organs at 20 weeks and only 20% mice exhibited metastasis at 34 weeks of age. Many of the PFE-supplemented animals had multiple foci of well differentiated carcinoma but noevidence of poorly differentiated carcinoma. PFE supplementation resulted in simultaneous and significant inhibition of IGF-I/Akt/mTOR pathways in the prostate tissues and tumors. We suggest that pomegranate juice be evaluated in clinical trials in patients at high risk for developing PCa.
Linfrø
Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Dec;17(12):3577-87.
Men were on protocol an average of 30 days. Proliferation rates were significantly lower (P < 0.002) among men assigned to the flaxseed arms. Median Ki-67-positive cells/total nuclei ratios (x100) were 1.66 (flaxseed-supplemented diet) and 1.50 (flaxseed-supplemented, low-fat diet) versus 3.23 (control) and 2.56 (low-fat diet). No differences were observed between arms with regard to side effects, apoptosis, and most serologic endpoints; however, men on low-fat diets experienced significant decreases in serum cholesterol (P = 0.048).
Genistein
Nutr Cancer. 2011;63(6):889-98. Epub 2011 Jun 29.
The PSA level was reduced in tumor tissue compared to normal tissue in the placebo arm. In the genistein arm, the PSA level in tumor and normal tissue was comparable. Total cholesterol was significantly lower in the genistein arm (P = 0.013). There were no significant effects on thyroid or sex hormones. Plasma concentrations of total genistein were on average 100-fold higher in the genistein arm after treatment (P < 0.001). Genistein at a dose that can be easily obtained from a diet rich in soy reduced the level of serum PSA in patients with localized CaP, without any effects on hormones. It was well tolerated and had a beneficial effect on blood cholesterol.
Randomised prostate cancer screening trial: 20 year follow-up.
BMJ. 2011 Mar 31;342:d1539. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d1539.
CONCLUSIONS: After 20 years of follow-up the rate of death from prostate cancer did not differ significantly between men in the screening group and those in the control group. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN06342431.
Dietary factors and epigenetic regulation for prostate cancer prevention.
Adv Nutr. 2011 Nov;2(6):497-510. Epub 2011 Nov 3.
The role of epigenetic alterations in various human chronic diseases has gained increasing attention and has resulted in a paradigm shift in our understanding of disease susceptibility. In the field of cancer research, e.g., genetic abnormalities/mutations historically were viewed as primary underlying causes; however, epigenetic mechanisms that alter gene expression without affecting DNA sequence are now recognized as being of equal or greater importance for oncogenesis
7). Kontekst
"Evidensbasert medisin"
Ethics and Evidence-Based Medicine: Is There a Conflict?
MedGenMed. 2007; 9(3): 30.
This article addresses the advantages, disadvantages, and traps to which evidence-based medicine (EBM) may lead and suggests that, to be ethically valid, EBM must be aimed at the patient's best interests and not at the financial interests of others. While financial considerations are by no means trivial, it is hypocritical – if not dangerous – to hide them behind words like “evidence” or “quality.”
Miljø
Arch Toxicol. 2012 Feb 14.
Glyphosate (G) is the largest selling herbicide worldwide; the most common formulations (Roundup, R) contain polyoxyethyleneamine as main surfactant. Recent findings indicate that G exposure may cause DNA damage and cancer in humans. Aim of this investigation was to study the cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of G and R (UltraMax) in a buccal epithelial cell line (TR146), as workers are exposed via inhalation to the herbicide.
Immunforsvaret
Fatal melanoma transferred in a donated kidney 16 years after melanoma surgery.
N Engl J Med. 2003 Feb 6;348(6):567-8.
We report a case of fatal melanoma that had been transferred in a donated kidney and that occurred 16 years after surgery for primary melanoma in the donor.
Spectrum of cancer risk among US solid organ transplant recipients.
JAMA. 2011 Nov 2;306(17):1891-901.
CONCLUSION:
Compared with the general population, recipients of a kidney, liver, heart, or lung transplant have an increased risk for diverse infection-related and unrelated cancers.
Spredning av kreftceller
Arch Surg. 2004 Jun;139(6):634-9; discussion 639-40.
Manipulation of an intact tumor by FNA or large-gauge needle core biopsy is associated with an increase in the incidence of SN metastases, perhaps due in part to the mechanical disruption of the tumor by the needle. The clinical significance of this phenomenon is unclear.
Cancers 2011, 3, 716-729; doi:10.3390/cancers30100716
Recent studies have demonstrated that EMT plays a critical role not only in tumor metastasis but also in tumor recurrence and that it is tightly linked with the biology of cancer stem-like cells or cancer-initiating cells. Here we will succinctly summarize the state-of-our-knowledge
regarding the molecular similarities between cancer stem-like cells or CSCs and EMT-phenotypic cells that are associated with tumor aggressiveness focusing on solid tumors.
J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Dec;22(12):2222-7.
This study revealed that higher levels of fibrinogen correlated with tumor progression, metastasis and poor responsiveness to CRT in ESCC patients.
Randomised prostate cancer screening trial: 20 year follow-up.
BMJ. 2011 Mar 31;342:d1539. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d1539.
CONCLUSIONS: After 20 years of follow-up the rate of death from prostate cancer did not differ significantly between men in the screening group and those in the control group. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN06342431.